Essay about Descartes’ Argument from Divisibility

Descartes’ Argument from Divisibility Works Cited Missing Reneà ¬ Descartes’ treatise on dualism, his Meditations on First Philosophy, is a seminal work in Western intellectual history, outlining his theory of the mind and its relation to the rest of the world. The main argument running through the Meditations leads from his universal methodic doubt through his famous cogito, to proofs of dualism, God, and the world. The Cartesian dualism is one of the most influential ideas to come out of the work; the style of the Meditations, however, is one of personal rumination, following what appears to be Descartes’ stream of consciousness , and it allows for mild tangential discussions. Hence alongside his more famous argument for dualism,†¦show more content†¦Stated in this way the argument is valid, but for it to be sound we must be able to accept all of its premises. The first premise is uncontroversial, as it follows from the concept of numerical identity that if two things are numerically identical then anything that is true of one is true of the other, as both things are actually only one thing being referred to in two different ways. We can therefore accept it as true. Moving to the second premise, it should be noted that physical bodies may not, in fact, be infinitely divisible, but as they are still divisible to some extent, this does not invalidate the argument and is only a tangential concern. At any rate, that material bodies are divisible seems almost self evident. The third premise is really the crux of the argument and the point of uncertainty. Is the mind really indivisible? Upon initial reflection it would certainly seem so; Descartes’ claim that one cannot conceive of â€Å"half of a mind† seems intuitively true on the face of it. However, one must remember that by â€Å"mind† Descartes meant only â€Å"a thing that thinks† (Meditations, p. 20), which is to say that thinking is the essence of the mind. From this kernel of truth Descartes builds up the rest of his understanding of the mind and part of this understanding is that the mind is entirely accessible to itself and in this sense is one unified thing. However, today theShow MoreRelatedHow The Mind And Body Are United Based On Rene Descartes Argumentations1523 Words   |  7 Pagesbody are united based on Rene Descartes’ argumentations in The Meditations Of First Philosophy. First, I am going to introduce a few of Descartes’ arguments and his position on the matter. Then, I will pick the most questionable argument and put it up against logical reasoning with evidence. Finally, I am going to conclude how the 17th-century philosopher proposes a fallacious argument which interferes with his Cartesian dualism theory. The Position Rene Descartes believed in what is known as â€Å"substanceRead MoreDescartes Debate On Dualism944 Words   |  4 PagesDescartes’ debate for dualism is called the divisibility argument, where he believes the mind cannot be divided while the body can and, as a result, the mind and body are distinct. But is this really true? I have evaluated Descartes’ reasons for believing in the divisibility of the body and the indivisibility of the mind from Descartes Meditations. I argue that Descartes argument does not work as he is trying to make science and church compatible and the existence of instances where the mind canRead MoreThe Brain Identity Theory, Logical Behaviorism, And Dualism Essay989 Words   |  4 Pagespresent and explain the argument for dualism and how it works to effectively provide a solution for the mind-body problem in spite of any objections offered. I will first proceed to describe the idea of dualism and provide two arguments that aim to support this solution towards the mind-body problem (II). I shall then present the two objections offered by Elliott Sober (III). Following Sober’s objection, I will convey my evaluation on how I object to one of the arguments for dualism, but acknowledgeRead MoreFor Years, Philosophers Have Debated The Mind-Body Problem,1195 Words   |  5 Pagesthe physical world. Philosopher Descartes believed in substance dualism, the belief that the mind and the body are two different things. In this essay, I will examine Descartes’ substance dualism theory. First, I will review Descartes’s theory and reasons that support it. Then, I will review objections with Descartes’s argument. After that, I will imagine how Descartes would respond to these objections. Finally, I will conclude with an overall assessment. Descartes’ substance dualism theory was formedRead MoreThe Mind / Brain Identity Theory1718 Words   |  7 Pagesdualism. I will also attempt to show the subsequent problems that rise from such distinction and some of the prominent reasons for why Dualism do not hold weight against the Identity Theory. Dualism being the brainchild of Rà ©ne Descartes was subsequently labeled as Cartesian Dualism. This theory holds that one possesses an entity called the soul, which can exist independently of the body (the soul can be translated to the mind). Descartes argues that there are two fundamentally different kinds of substancesRead MoreThe Mind Body Problem And Substance Dualism869 Words   |  4 Pagesto provide support for Descartes notion of the immaterial mind, by critically discussing the view of substance dualism, pertaining to the relationship between the mind and body. The two arguments of which I will provide in this paper to support this view are divisibility and disembodied existence. There are two fundamentally different substances in this universe, physical and mental properties, this paper will explore both of these substances (8). The first supporting argument which I will presentRead MoreFor Descartes And More One Common Dominator Between The1523 Words   |  7 PagesFor Descartes and More one common dominator between the two is the belief that the essence of the body is merely extension. Within the Fifth Meditation, Descartes addresses a premise that results in being the building block to his conception on extension being the essence of bodies. He asserts, we can’t know that physical stuff exists without a doubt considering deception, for instance the dream dilemma presented by Descartes. Hence, how do I know objectively and soundly that my sensory knowledgeRead MoreDescartes Vs. Descartes s Theory950 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to Descartes a mind cannot be divisible but the body can. He says that it is not humanly possible that someone can live with a divided brain. The argument also says that is it possible to divide our bodies into different part. Therefore scientists attacked this argument and figured they would test to see if it was true. Descartes divisibility argument is not correct, in fact it seems as if it has been proven by scientific experiments that his argument is wrong. In order for Descartes to be rightRead MorePhilosophy: Questions on Descartes Principles740 Words   |  3 PagesOne, Descartes writes, My reason tells me that as well as withholding assent from propositions that are obviously false, I should also withhold it from ones that are not completely certain and indubitable (p. 1). Which of the following does this quotation express? Principle of Universal Doubt Principle of Indiscernibility Archimedean Principle Epistemic Principle None of the above. ____ In Meditation One, Descartes ultimately dismisses the conclusion of the Dream Argument because:Read MoreCartesian Dualism vs Logical Behaviorism Essay1483 Words   |  6 Pagesyou do of your own free will? Are people genuinely moved by the welfare of others, or is all behavior, in reality, selfish? (Sober 203). These are questions relevant to philosophy of the mind and discussed through a variety of arguments. Two of the most important arguments with this discussion are Cartesian dualism and logical behaviorism, both of which argue the philosophy of the mind in two completely different ways. Robert Lane, a professor at the University of West Georgia, define the two as

The Declaration Of Independence And By Thomas Paine

The Continental Congress which consists of men who have been chosen by individuals within the 13 colonies gathered and discussed their opposition of the British government and have decided to create and issue a document. That document is titled The Declaration of Independence and was written and released July 4, 1766 in Philadelphia which contained 56 signatures from each of the colonies. It has also been brought to our attention that a man by the name of Thomas Paine who is deeply influenced by the Enlightenment has questioned the lawfulness of the British monarchy and has published a 48 page radical pamphlet named Common Sense which has convinced many colonists that declaring independence from Britain is the right and only choice. He is a believer of a new form of government where the people pick a representative based on consent, known as a republic. As stated in your document on line ten of your accusations of the British crown says â€Å"He has erected a multitude of New Office s, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our people and eat out their substance.† We as the royal government had to appoint other officials and tax officers due to the fact that the colonies haven’t helped pay down debts, yet you have the audacity to declare that you are â€Å"dissolving the political bands†? Don’t you remember in 1763 at the end of the French and Indian war that you were prospering and happy under our rule? After all, you are the ones who considered yourselves â€Å"loyal subjects ofShow MoreRelatedThomas Paine And The Declaration Of Independence1111 Words   |  5 PagesTrying to convince the Continental Congress to declare independence from Britain wasn’t easy, but an inspirational author ,Thomas Paine, wrote a book that made it all possible. Conflict between the American colonists and Britain began April of 1775. They wanted their natural rights back from Britain and King George III.They encountered many new taxes that were putt on them like, The Tea and Paper Act where King George taxed the colonists on all tea and paper products.The war took place and the ContinentalRead MoreThe Ideas Of The Enlightenment, By Thomas Paine And The Declaration Of Independence767 Words   |  4 Pagesas defined in Thomas Paine’s Common Sense, can be broadly defined is the movement towards reason and individualism rather than tradition. The text, by Thomas Paine, challenged the principles of liberty, equality, and justice. Thomas Paine was a revolutionary thinker who used Enlightenment ideology as a platform to persuade towards the founding of an independant America, and towards the founding of the Declaration of Independence.   The Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson and adoptedRead MoreThe Pursuit Of Happin ess By Thomas Paine And Declaration Of Independence975 Words   |  4 Pagesgain coming. A â€Å"bad change† is where one have to forcefully or unwillingly move ahead in life and where there is no gain or possible loss. When bad changes become unbearable and unfair, it starts revolution. Common Sense by Thomas Paine and Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jefferson plays major contribution in American Revolution which made common men realize true color of selfish and unfair monarchy system of Britain. A revolution occurs when a king or government is misusing their power andRead MoreCommon Sense Vs. Declaration Of Independence957 Words   |  4 PagesCommon Sense v. Declaration of Independence Common Sense written by Thomas Paine in January of 1776, enlightened its readers and ignited the colonists towards the American Revolution. Common Sense was the first document that established a suggestion towards a constitutional form of government. The foundation of the main points in Common Sense were the upbringing of the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independence was written by Thomas Jefferson in July of 1776 approximately 7 monthsRead MoreCommon Sense By Thomas Paine992 Words   |  4 Pageswhat it is today. Common Sense by Thomas Paine was inspiring to many American colonists as it was persuasive in showing how the colonists should have their own independence. Paine appealed the average citizen’s rationale, hence the title Common Sense. Paine’s pamphlet illustrates the importance of independence, and argues that colonial life under British rule was detrimental to America’s potential to become prosperous. In a fairly lengthy, but reada ble style, Paine discusses the differences betweenRead MoreThe Reasons Behind The Writing Of The Declaration Of Independence896 Words   |  4 PagesWriting of the Declaration of Independence There were several events that led up to the writing and publication of the Declaration of Independence. The colonists did not understand why they were being taxed on items such as stamps and tea which was extremely essential to the colonists at this time. The phrase â€Å"taxation without representation† was used by the colonists to show their outrage with these taxes from England. They set out to rebel and started the American Revolution. Thomas Paine contributedRead MoreThomas Paine Common Sense Analysis1052 Words   |  5 Pageswriting by examining â€Å"The Declaration of Independence† and Thomas Paine’s â€Å"Common Sense.† Basically, the two documents echo principles stated in John Locke’s â€Å"Second Treatise of Government,† and share a style of expressing their feelings on national issues; the authors examine and give reasons for colonial problems with the government and offer a solution. The tone and audience might vary, but the overall message is similar in its principles, showing the impact Locke and Paine had on such a vital documentRead MoreSimilarities Between Common Sense And The Declaration Of Independence1489 Words   |  6 Pagesand indirectly affected the American Revolution are The Declaration of Independence (July 1776), Thomas Paine’s â€Å"Common Sense† (January 1776), and John Locke’s â€Å"Second Treatise of Government† (1689). All of these documents are related to one another in the fact that they paved the way for the future of America and led to the amazing country we live in today. To start off, there are many similarities in regards to The Declaration of Independence and â€Å"Common Sense†. We can see these documents agreeRead MoreSimilarities Between The Declaration Of Independence And The Declaration Of Independence948 Words   |  4 Pageswithstood the test of time and have become statement pieces for our society. In this group, the Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jefferson and Common Sense by Thomas Paine both hold high positions. Thomas Paine wrote â€Å"The Crisis†, which was a chapter in his pamphlet Common Sense, which advocated that the thirteen original colonies gain independence from Great Britain. The Declaration of Independence was a government document written in 1776 that proclaims America a state of democracy not connectedRead MoreThe s Belief That All Men1295 Words   |  6 Pages On African Slavery by Thomas Paine was available for the public ten months and two days before Common Sense. Despite the difference in publish ing dates these two written works provide numerous similarities. For example, On African Slavery is addressed â€Å"To Americans:† (Paine 1) and Common Sense is similarly â€Å"Addressed to the Inhabitants of America† (1). Furthermore, both written works address Paine’s belief that all men are â€Å"originally equals† (71). In Common Sense, Paine uses this belief to discuss

Organizational Change for Corporate Sustainability Production

Question: Discuss about the Report on Organizational change for corporate sustainability production process to China? Answer: Introduction Off-shoring is kind of business process where organizations relocate its business process from one country to other country. Organization mainly off-shores typical operational processes like manufacturing process and other supporting process like accounting (Eckel Irlacher, 2015). The activities of offshore are primarily associated with outsourcing of administrative and technical services that are supported by global operation from outside the home country. Littlefuse deals with production of switches and electrical equipments (Littelfuse.com, 2016). Littelfuse, Inc wanted to offshore some of their activities to other country like china. The existing employees of Littelfuse, Inc were negatively affected by these activities of the company. The company needed huge amount of money in order to open branch in other country. Therefore the company started to lay-off their long term employees (Ebenstein et al. 2014). The employees were afraid of losing their jobs. Local suppliers were unhap py because they were not getting scope for providing material like circuit boards, wires, and carbon bled. Local shareholders were not satisfies with their return. The customers were happy as they were getting more advanced product produced in new branch of the company. The company had faced a tough competition from their competitors like Analogic corporation and Amphenol Corporation. The competitor companies were producing advanced and diversified products with better design and new features. Therefore, Littelfuse were lagging behind in such competition. In order to survive with the competition, the company needed to expand their market and increase the production volume. Thus the company took decision to offshore some of its activities to other country for increasing production volume. The activities of offshore have been well accepted by the management of the company because these activities were providing positive result with regard to better product. The study analyses the driving factors of transformational change of Littelfuse Inc. Some theories of changes management have been discussed here. The communication and implementation plan of this change management has also been analyzed in this study. Driving factors for transformational change Consideration of Transformational change Transformational change involves a radical change in the business model of an organization. Transformational changes require changes in the organizational structure, culture and management. Companies may undertake transformational changes in reaction to crisis and repositioning themselves in the market. Littelfuse, Inc was facing a tough completion from its competitors company. In order to survive in tough competition the company needed to diversify their product and increase the production volume with lowering the operational expenses (Millar et al. 2012). Since it is a change in the process of management it can be regarded as transformational change. In order to reduce the operational expenses the company stated to lay-off their long term employees who were under-performing. Since it is a change in the structure of the organization it can be regarded as transformational change. Justification of doing transformational change In order to remain competitive in the market Littelfuse, Inc needed to diversify their product, but the company was lacking that much talented employee who could produce the diversified product. Majority of existing employees were aware of outdated technology. They did not have knowledge about new technological features. It was hindering the company to produce advance electronic switches and automotive sensors (Wiek et al. 2012). This limitation had made the company to undertake the lay-off strategy in their organization. The operational expenses were also increasing as the profit of the company was lowering. In this case also the company undertook lay-off strategy. The company was not producing that much as per the requirement of the customer. Therefore the company needed to produce large volume of product, but it had not that much of branch so that it could produce more in Chicago (Springer et al. 2012). This circumstance had made Littelfuse, Inc to offshore their activities to oth er country, so that large volume of product could be produced. Management Roles in transformational change The CEO of the company should pose the strength of commitment and leadership skill in the change management process. If sustainability of change management leads to success of the company, The CEO must believe that they are doing right thing towards the change. The moral conviction of the CEO must be enough to encourage other in following the change management. The board of directors is to take strategic decision for the organization (Vaccaro et al. 2012). The board of directors must have to recognize the importance of Laying off existing employee and shifting the activities of business to other country. Senior leaders must be committed and proactive that will be needed to make change happen. They have to convince the employees in relocating their jobs. Easier alternatives There are easier alternatives for accomplishing the goal of remaining competitive in the market. The company might get easier alternative by joint alliance with similar types of company. If the company did this alliance it would have produced more products by sharing its resources. The company could have also used the employees of other company to which it would have alliance with (Michael et al. 2012). The company could have got more new ideas in producing new type of product. Other alternative that can be identified is increasing the manufacturing belt. The production units could have increased by this alternative and the company could have accomplished the goal for remaining competitive in the market. Theories of Change Management theories of change management Kotters Theory According to Kotters change management theory employees buy into change when leaders become able to convince them of the urgent needs of the change. In the 1st step leaders creates a sense of urgency of the change in organization. In 2nd step leaders build a dedicated team towards the changes. In the 3rd step leaders creates vision for change. 4th step is related to the communication of change (Hayes, 2014). In the 5th step staffs are empowered with capacity to change. 6th step is related with creating short-term goal. In the 7th step staff remain persistent with the goal of the organization. In the last step ultimate change happens. Lewins Theory This theory is categorized into three parts and these are unfreeze, transition and refreeze. In unfreezing stage existing status quo of the organization are broke down for creating new way of operating the business. Some uncertainty may happen in this stage (Sutherland et al. 2012). In transition stage organization is to focus on specific issue of personal transition in change management. In refreeze stage change ultimately takes place in the organization. In this stage stable organization chart and reliable job descriptions are made. Action Research theory Diagnosis is the first step in this theory, where actual problems are identified in the organization. Action planning stage is continued to constitute new alternatives for making change in the organization (Stringer, 2013). In evaluating stage the new changes are initiated in the organization. The last step is specifying learning future issue of the changes are identified. Pros and cons of each theory Pros Cons Gives a clear picture for the future. Communication flow of changes is very quick. Create a framework for the change. Embeds the mindset that changes in the organization are one time event. It forces the employees to be the object of change. Table 1: Pros and Cons of Kotters theory (Source: Benn et al. 2014) Pros Cons Create short term plan Give focus on personal transition Dominates the employees Workplace can be discriminated Table 2: Pros and Cons of Lewins theory (Source: Jeston Nelis, 2014) Pros Cons Demonstrates future issues of organization Evaluates the progress of change management. Wrong alternative may be chosen Pressure upon the employees Table 3: Pros and cons of Action research (Source: Jones et al. 2012) Best way to ensure implementation of change The best way to ensure implementation of change in organization is proper communication among the stakeholders. All the stakeholders of the company must be understood the positive result of change management. The leaders of the organization should communicate the rational of the changes throughout the organization. Changes would best be implemented when it would be divided into various phases (Michael et al. 2012). Careful monitoring of the entire process is very much needed to ensure that changes are happening according to the plan. Section 3: Communication Plan Stakeholders What communication Who will send communication Communication Medium Investors Maximum wealth return is to be communicated Directorial voting right Production manager Chief operational manager Telephonic medium Personalized email Internet Suppliers Pre-payment Buying resources in bulk Production manager Operational manager Email based communication Employees Layoff-of saturated employees Downsizing employees who are creating high demand Retaining employees who are highly matured, performance oriented and under category of self-esteem Human Resource manager Directorial head Operational head Email through individual portal Communication with labor union for managing and cooperating Consumers Better product quality Diversified and customized product Categorized product (low cost) Sales and marketing manager Advertising department Promotional department Online medium Social media platform Television and mass communication medium Newspaper and radio Table 4: Communication plan (Source: Author) Implementation plan Steps Step 1: Departmental jobs Initially, organization has to find out the potential number of suppliers in the offshored country for enhancing its operation (Nordin et al. 2012). According to that the operation manager has to determine the number of employees that it needs to have in each departmental production. The production department has to be divided into circuit creation, switch board case production, customization and design and added features. Step 2: Determination of employees According to each of the department, the employees are to be divided so that unified rate of production is maintained, which will lead to decrease in lead time (Brown Osborne, 2012). The management has to determine that which particular employees will be fit for the jobs. As the organization is thinking to lay-off employees hence most matured and performance oriented employees are to be selected. Step 3: New policy and procedure for employee welfare Much amount of workforce flexibility was awarded for all employees. Thus, flexibility has to be categorized into each of the departments (Cook, 2014). As most of the older employees will be laid-off, hence new recruitments will have to be done and those candidates are to be trained. Step 4: Performance Evaluation Earlier, the organization was too much employee centric and thus demand from employees continued to increase. Thus, performance evaluation metrics are to be set up and according to that reward and recognition will have to be provided. This will increase motivation and higher level of performance. Implementation Planning Serial Number Implementation Steps Success Criteria Summary Rollout 1. Departmental Jobs Find out the potential number of suppliers According to supply, allocation of employees Division of production department 1. Circuit creation 2. Switch board case production 3. Customization and design 4. Added features 1. Reasonable suppliers with low price must tally with appropriate employee talent to bring out most innovative design. 2. Response from investors about the amount of investment they are allowing. Week 1: Supplier allocation according to present employees and consumer interest. This is the first stage and there will be no risk. 2. Determination of employees Division of employees Matured and performance oriented employees are to be retained Relocation of employees from host country 1. Increase in performance 2. Production enhancement 3. Innovative design from other competitors Week 2: Layoff of employees (who are underperforming) and recruitment of new employees High amount of risk as existing employees will be disheartened. From management side, it may lose experienced candidates. New recruited candidate may underperform and thus training is required that will require more time and cost. 3. New policy and procedure for employee welfare Introduction of new policy and procedure Creating code of conduct Upgrading workforce flexibility Determination of reward and recognition 1. Sense of justification among the employees will be ascertained 2. Higher employee motivation Week 3: Concrete policy, conduct and performance will be included. Workforce flexibility will be categorized for different level of employees. Little amount of risk is there as present employees will be negatively affected. This may create distress among employees. 4. Performance Evaluation This is the final step where new employees will be evaluated according to performance evaluation metrics. Reward and recognition Required training and motivation 1. Rate of increase in production 2. Employee satisfaction and feedback Week 4-5: This step will require time to understand employees and any drastic step may lead to negative activities Chance of risk is there as all the earlier steps will impact here and any change in earlier step will incur a huge operational loss for management. Table 5: Implementation Plan (Source: Author) Conclusion While concluding the study it can be said that Littelfuse, Inc has chosen offshore activities in their business. It has outsourced majority of their production process to China. The company has faced tough completion from their competitors like Analogic Corporation and Amphenol Corporation. The competitors company were providing better quality product. Therefore Littelfuse, Inc was lagging behind with the competition. The company was also producing less amount of product. Therefore, in order to mitigate those issues, the company took strategy for off-shoring its activities to other country for increasing the production. Various theories can be applied for suitably applying change management in the organization. A suitable communication plan can better implement the change management in the organization. Implementation plan is to be prepared beforehand for ensuring the positive impact change management. References Benn, S., Dunphy, D., Griffiths, A. (2014).Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Routledge. Brown, K., Osborne, S. P. 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